LibAnswers

Click a link below to learn how to cite and reference a:

Source with no author

Source with no date

Source with no title

Source with no author AND no title

Source with no author:

First, check if the source has a group author.

A group author means an organization, government agency, company, or other form of group is responsible for the content:

• On a website, look at the top for a banner or logo that appears on every page or find the contact information (e.g. the "About Us" page).
• In a document or report, look at the first 1-3 pages to see if a group is listed as the author or publisher of the information.

If you cannot find a person(s) or group listed as the author, move the title into the author position:

Reference:

Go ask Alice. (1971). Prentice Hall.

Citation (paraphrase):

(Go ask Alice, 1971).

Note: Only refer to an author as Anonymous if the work is signed as Anonymous.

Source with no date:

Replace the date element with the initials (n.d.):

Reference:

Citation (paraphrase):

(Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, n.d.).

Note: Do not use the copyright year on websites. Copyright on webpages refers to legal ownership and not the publication date.

Source with no title:

Replace the title element with a description of the work in [square brackets].

Reference:

Citation (paraphrase):

(Denton, 2016).

Source with no author AND no title:

Describe the work in [square brackets] in the author position, and then provide the date and publisher/URL.

Reference:

Citation (paraphrase):

([Cat in the window], 2021).

For more information and examples, see the APA's blog post on how to incorporate missing information into citations and references.