How do I reference and cite emails, text messages, live conversations, discussions, online chats, and phone calls?
Answer
Emails, text messages, online chats, live conversations, discussions and phone calls are considered personal communications.
Don't create a reference for an email, text message, online chat, or phone call. Instead, create and use in-text citations only.
Don't quote any part of an email, text message, online chat or phone call. Instead, paraphrase what you heard or read.
Create a citation
Template
(A. Lastname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Example
J. Molnar, personal communication, November 6, 2023
See the APA 7 website for more information.